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Mission Indradhanus—  It targets children under 2 years of age and pregnant women for immunization against 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD).

 Gram Swaraj ABHIYAN and Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan–> Mission Indradhansuh.

Now Mission Indradhanus 4.0 is going on.
IMI= Intensified Mission Indradhanus– to fully immunize more than 89 lakh children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated under UIP.

ART 338 + 338A + 340
ART 338-

Art 340: Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
(1) The President may by order appoint a Commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of SEBC= socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made for the purpose by the Union or any State and the conditions subject to which such grants should be made, and the order appointing such Commission shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission.

ART 338
1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes.
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ART 338(A)
(1) There shall be a Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes.
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  • Muslims had arrived in Kerala in the 7th century AD as traders via the Arabian Sea even before north India was invaded by Muslim armies from the west.
  • They were given permission to carry on trade and settle by the native rulers. Many of them married local women and their descendants came to be called Moplahs (which means son-in-law in Malayalam).
  • Before Tipu Sultan’s attack on Malabar, in the traditional land system in Malabar, the Jenmi or the landlord held the land which was let out to others for farming. 
  • Many Hindu landlords fled Malabar to neighbouring areas to avoid persecution and forced conversions.
  • During this time, the Moplah tenants were accorded ownership rights to the lands.
  • After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Malabar came under British authority as part of the Madras Presidency.
  • The British set out to restore ownership rights to the Jenmis who had earlier fled the region.
  • Jenmis were now given absolute ownership rights of the land which was not the case previously.
  • The peasants were now facing high rents and a lack of security of tenure.
  • This caused a series of riots by the Moplahs starting from 1836. Between 1836 and 1896, they killed many government officers and Hindu landlords.

In 1920, Gandhi had entered into an alliance with the Khilafat Movement, which had already mobilised large numbers of Muslims.
the Congress launched its first mass civil disobedience movement under Mohandas Gandhi. 

In November 1921, 67 Moplah prisoners were killed when they were being transported in a closed freight wagon from Tirur to the Central Prison in Podanur. They died of suffocation. This event is called the Wagon Tragedy.

There are currently 4,407 large dams+ 130 water reservoirs in India.
In terms of dams
1st= China; 2nd= USA; 3rd= India
Reservoirs are monitored by the Central Water Commission.

A majority of these reservoirs are located in 7 states — Jharkhand, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Polavaram dam

2 large dams — Hariharjhore in Odisha and Ujjani in Maharashtra — have reached dead stock

  1. Mekedatu reservoir– Mekedatu is a location along Cauvery in Kanakapura Taluk of Ramanagara District of Karnataka.
  2. Mullaperiyar dam
  3. Jayanti dam, Alipurdua, West Bengal,
  4. failure of the Annamayya dam (Andhra Pradesh) in November 2021 is reported to have led to the death of 20 people.
  5. Panshet Dam 
  6.  Varasgaon Dam or Vir Dam 
  7. Chaskaman dam, Kasarsai, Dimbhe, Thitewadi

Ministry of Law and Justice on December 14, 2021 has issued The Dam Safety Act, 2021.

The National Committee on Dam Safety will be constituted and will be chaired by the chairperson, Central Water Commission.  Functions of the committee will include formulating policies and regulations regarding dam safety standards and prevention of dam failures, analyzing the causes of major dam failures, and suggesting changes in dam safety practices.

‘Haryana becomes only State to geotag 18,104 water bodies’

 against the Par-Tapi-Narmada river-linking project, demanding a white paper on the project.

 Boro rice is commonly known as winter rice. The term Boro is Bengali originated from the Sanskrit word “Boro” which refers to cultivation from November-May under irrigated conditions 

What are finance holding companies?

Financial Holding Companies—allowing commercial banking, insurance, investment banking, and. other financial activities to be conducted under the same corporate umbrella1.

  • JPMorgan Chase & Co
  • Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation